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| Screening for artifacts in silt from the turret. |
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Archaeologists have recovered many metal objects from the USS Monitor. These artifacts range in size from a gold ring to the revolving gun turret! Not only do the objects differ in size, they are made of many different types of metal. Because the metal artifacts have been in saltwater for more than 140 years, most are very corroded.
Once the objects are recovered from the shipwreck, they are taken to the conservation lab at The Mariners’ Museum to be treated. Conservators must treat each artifact so that it does not corrode any more.
One property of metals is how likely they are to corrode easily. Metals that are very stable and don’t corrode are said to be “noble.” Those that corrode more quickly are said to be “active.” Scientists list metals in order of their nobility. When in saltwater, the metals commonly used in the 1800s and 1900s range from very noble (gold at the top) to quite active (aluminum at the bottom). |
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Gold |
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Silver |
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Copper (and brass and bronze, they’re copper alloys) |
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Lead |
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Tin |
When two different types of metal touch each other, a galvanic cell (similar to a battery) is formed. If the metals are in an electrolyte, galvanic corrosion occurs.
Some artifacts are made of more than one type of metal, which causes galvanic corrosion when in seawater. For example, the Monitor’s engine has copper pipes, iron washers, and bronze gauges all connected with iron bolts. If an iron washer is touching a copper pipe, the copper will be in good condition because it’s more noble; but the iron will be badly corroded. In fact, the iron may be corroded away entirely! |
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Conservators use the noble properties of metals to stabilize an object so it won’t keep corroding.
You can try one possible technique in the experiment below. When you do this experiment, remember it is intended only to show how galvanic cleaning works. Note: This is not an acceptable conservation technique for artifacts. Do not use this procedure for valuable coins, silverware, or any antique objects. Go to the Penny Cleaning Experiment.
Try the
Penny Cleaning Experiment >>
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